Gene mutations behind kidney diseases among African-American

London, September 15 ANI: Scientists have identified a gene mutations in which are strongly associated with kidney diseases disproportionately affecting African-Americans.The discovery results from studies conducted by researchers at the National Institutes of Health NIH, and by NIH-funded investigators at the Johns Hopkins University."These two breakthrough genomic studies on kidney disease illustrate the importance of collaborations between scientists at NIH and NIH-funded investigators at Johns Hopkins. This type of government-academic collaboration moves translational research forward and provides the knowledge base for developing new therapies for these chronic health disorders," Nature magazine quoted NIH Director Dr. Elias A. Zerhouni as saying. During the study, the group studied nondiabetic kidney diseases that can lead to chronic kidney disease and, in severe cases, to kidney failure requiring long-term dialysis or a kidney transplant. With the aid of a type of genome association, which relies on differences in the frequency of gene variants between populations, the researchers were able to identify several variations in the MYH9 gene as major contributors to excess risk of kidney disease among African-Americans. When the NIH researchers told the Johns Hopkins scientists about their discovery, the latter group replicated the findings in participants from earlier studies of kidney disease.Both research teams found statistically significant associations of MYH9 variants with FSGS, HIV-associated FSGS, and all nondiabetic kidney failure. The researchers also observed that such variants were much more frequent among people of African ancestry than among whites. According to them, the increased risk among African-Americans with these variants is more than 300 percent for FSGS, more than 500 percent for HIV-associated FSGS, and more than 100 percent for all nondiabetic kidney failure. The team also found that 60 percent of African-Americans carried the risk variants in contrast to four percent of whites. "MYH9 genetic variations account for some of the excess risk of kidney disease due to hypertension, and much of the excess risk due to FSGS, and HIV-associated FSGS in African-Americans. We hope this finding will lead to personalized medical therapy that will reduce the burden of chronic kidney disease," said Dr. Jeffrey B. Kopp, a kidney specialist and lead author of the NIH study.While diabetes is one of the leading causes of kidney failure, none of the two teams found any association between the MYH9 variants and diabetes-related kidney failure in African-Americans. "This finding suggests that the mechanisms leading from onset of chronic kidney disease to kidney failure may differ based on the inciting cause. Therefore, understanding the role that MYH9 plays in kidney failure may ultimately lead to development of drug therapies that target more specific, rather than common, genetic pathways to prevent kidney disease progression more effectively," said Dr. W.H. Linda Kao and Dr. Rulan S. Parekh, the lead and senior authors of the Hopkins study."These two studies are important not only because the MYH9 risk variants account for nearly all the excess burden of FSGS and HIV-associated kidney disease in African-Americans, but also because MYH9 is the first kidney disease gene identified that explains an important health disparity and involves common forms of kidney disease. In addition, the MYH9 gene's estimated relative risk is higher than that observed for nearly all genetic factors discovered by genome-wide scans, including those for prostate cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and hypertension," said Dr. Cheryl Winkler, principal scientist with the National Cancer Institute, senior author of the NIH intramural study, and a co-author of the Johns Hopkins studyThe researchers say that the different frequencies of genetic variants between African Americans and European Americans have potential implications for future screening strategies for African-Americans with hypertension. They add that further research will be needed to determine whether individuals identified as having hypertensive kidney disease actually have undiagnosed FSGS.While the variants identified through the present research are markers indicating that the MYH9 gene is the location of the disease-causing variations, the specific variants have not yet been definitively identified. The researchers say that further studies will be needed to identify the specific causal variants. Highlighting the fact that most individuals with the gene variants do not develop kidney disease, the authors conclude that additional genetic or environmental factors may contribute to causing kidney disease in particular individuals with the MYH9 variants. The findings have been reported in two research papers published in the online edition of the journal Nature Genetics. ANI